The eruptive history of Strawberry Crater can be divided into four main events: 1) strombolian eruption building a cinder cone in which the lower stratigraphic sections of the cone are composed of unconsolidated cinders and the upper stratigraphic sections are dominated by agglutinate and rootless flow, 2) possible intrusion of a magma body into the cone structure, which resulted in the deformation of the cone and the breaching of the cone, to the east, at a point a short distance below the rim, 3) extrusion of a block lava flow which rafted material from the breach, and 4) extrusion of a dacite vitrophyre plug in the breach of the cone. The gap in the south rim resulted from the slump of a large block of agglutinate. Timing of this event is uncertain, but could have occurred at any time after the building of the cone. Post-eruption events have been limited to erosion of the volcanics and deposition of Sunset Crater airfall pyroclastics.
The eruptive history of O'Neill Crater possesses two main possibilities. This is because the timing of the non- breaching lava flow unit is questionable, and may have occurred prior to the eruption of the cinder cone or it may post-date the cone. The eruptive sequence is: 1)possible extrusion of the first block lava flow unit, 2) strombolian eruption building the cinder cone, composed dominantly of unconsolidated cinders, with an upper mantle of agglutinate and rootless flow, 3) barring the eruption of the lava flow prior to cone building, the first flow unit would have been extruded after the cone was completed, 4) extrusion of the second block flow unit, which breached the cone, and 5) eruption of the dacite vitrophyre dome and two plugs. The slump fan, west of the cone, occurred after the cone was built, but prior to extrusion of the two plugs. Post-eruption events have been limited to deposition of Sunset Crater pyroclastics and erosion of the volcanics.
Statistical analysis of breach azimuths in the SFVF indicates a strong trend for cones to breach either to the west or the east, perpendicular to the LPS for the SFVF. The mechanism of a regional stress control on these trends is not clear for cinder cones in the SFVF. Possible local controls on the direction of breaching for cinder cones vary from cone to cone, with no one control appearing to dominate over the entire volcanic field. These local controls are: 1) topographic stress regimes, 2) fault/joint system control, 3) cone strength/cone height relationships, 4) vent location of the breaching lava, and 5) substrate buttressing. The control on the breach direction at Strawberry Crater is believed to be a result of the intruding magma body following the path of least resistance in the cone structure, and is strongly dependent on the strength of the cone and the substrate. Lava extrusion at O'Neill crater is believed to have been controlled by a NW-SE trending fault. The erupting lava appears to have pushed the breached portion of the cone to the east, giving the cone an eastward directed breach.
Future reconstruction of cinder cone eruptive histories will need to take into consideration the relationship between rafted material and the breaching of the cone. Mapping the location of the breached material will help determine the sequence of events and relative timing of the breaching event.
Amos, R.C., 1981, Pyroclastic activity of Sunset Crater: evidence for a large magnitude, high dispersal strombolian eruption: EOS, v. 62, p. 1085.
Babbitt, B.E., 1964, A paleomagnetic chronology of the San Francisco volcanic field: Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin, v. 40, p. 11-14.
Basalt Volcanism Study Project, 1981, Basaltic volcanism on the terrestrial planets: New York, Pergamon Press, 1286 p.
Breed, W.J., 1964, Morphology and lineation of cinder cones in the San Francisco volcanic field: Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin, v. 40, p. 65-71.
Cheevers, C.W., and Rawson, R.R., 1979, Facies analysis of the Kaibab Formation in northern Arizona, southern Utah and southern Nevada, in Baars, D.L. (ed.), Permianland: Four Corners Geological Society Guidebook 9th Field Conference, p. 105-114.
Colton, H.S., 1937, The basaltic cinder cones and lava flows of the San Francisco volcanic field: Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin, v. 10, p. 1-58.
-----, 1964, Collapsed cinder cones in the San Francisco Mountains: Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin, v. 40, p. 1-4.
-----, 1967, The basaltic cinder cones and lava flows of the San Francisco volcanic field: Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin: v. 10(revised edition), p. 1-58.
Cooley, M.E., 1962, Geomorphology and the age of volcanic rocks in northeastern Arizona: Arizona Geological Society Digest, v. 5, p. 97-115
Crowe, B., Self, S., and Amos, R., 1981, Strombolian eruption sequence: EOS, v. 61, p.1084.
Damon, P.E., Shafiqullah, M. and Leventhal, J.S., 1974, K-Ar chronology for the San Francisco volcanic field and rate of erosion of the Little Colorado River, in Karlstrom, T.N.V., Swann, G.A. and Eastwood, R.L., (eds.), Geology of Northern Arizona, Part I - Regional Studies: Geological Society of America Rocky Mountain Section Meeting, Flagstaff, Arizona, p. 221-235.
Davis, J.C., 1986, Statistics and data analysis in geology: New York, John Wiley & Sons, 646 p. Dictionary of Geological Terms, 1976: American Geological Institute, Garden City, New York, Anchor Press, 472 p.
Eastwood, R.L., 1974, Cenozoic volcanism and tectonism of the southern Colorado Plateau, in Karlstrom, T.N.V., Swann, G.A. and Eastwood, R.L., (eds.), Geology of Northern Arizona, Part I - Regional Studies: Geological Society of America Rocky Mountain Section Meeting, Flagstaff, Arizona, p. 236-256.
Foshag, W.F., and J. Gonzalez R., 1956, Birth and development of Paricutin Volcano, Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 965-D, p. 355-489.
Francis, P.W. and G.L. Wells, 1988, Landsat thermatic mapper observations of debris avalanche deposits in the central Andes: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 50, p. 258-278.
Green, J. and Short, N.M. (eds), 1971. Volcanic landforms and surface features: New York, Springer-Verlag, 250 p.
Gutmann, J.T., 1979, Structure and eruptive cycle of cinder cones in the Pinacate volcanic field and controls of strombolian activity: Journal of Geology, v. 87, p. 448-454.
Hammill, M., 1979, Contrasting cinder cones on the flanks of Mount Etna, Sicily: Geological Magazine, v. 116, p. 135-138.
Holm, R.F., 1987, Significance of agglutinate mounds on lava flows associated with monogenetic cones: an example at Sunset Crater, northern Arizona, Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 99, p. 319-324.
Hodges, C.A., 1960, Comparative study of S P and Sunset Craters and associated lava flows, San Francisco volcanic field, Arizona [M.S. thesis]: Madison, Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin, 129 p.
Hwang, N.H.C., and Hita, C.E., 1987, Fundamentals of hydraulic engineering systems: Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 370 p.
LeBas, M.J., LeMaitre, R.W., Streckeisen, A., and Zamettin, B., 1896, A chemical classification of volcanic rocks based on the total alkali-silica diagram: Journal of Petrology, v. 27, p. 745-750.
Lucchitta, I., 1974, Structural evolution of northwest Arizona and its relation to adjacent Basin and Range Province structures. in Karlstrom, T.N.V., Swann, G.A. and Eastwood, R.L., (eds.), Geology of Northern Arizona, Part I - Regional Studies: Geological Society of America Rocky Mountain Section Meeting, Flagstaff, Arizona, p. 336-354.
Lynch, D.J, 1982, Volcanic processes in Arizona: Fieldnotes from the Arizona Bureau of Geology and Mineral Technology, v. 12, p. 1-9. Macdonald, G.A., 1972, Volcanoes: Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prince-Hall Inc., 510 p.
McDonald, S.D., 1975, Use of geophysical measurements to assess cinder-aggregate potential of volcanic cinder cones [M.S. thesis]: Flagstaff, Arizona, Northern Arizona University, 104 p.
McGetchin, T.R., M. Settle and B.A. Chouet, 1974, Cinder cone growth modeled after Northeast Crater, Mount Etna, Sicily: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 79, p. 3257-3272.
Moore, R.B., 1974, Geology, petrology and geochemistry of the eastern San Francisco volcanic field, Arizona [Ph.D. dissertation]: Albuquerque, New Mexico, University of New Mexico.
-----, Wolfe, E.W. and Ulrich, G.E., 1974, Volcanic rocks of the eastern and northern parts of the San Francisco volcanic field, Arizona, in Karlstrom, T.N.V., Swann, G.A. and Eastwood, R.L. (eds.), Geology of Northern Arizona, Part II - Area Studies and Field Guides: Geological Society of America Rocky Mountain Section Meeting, Flagstaff, Arizona, p. 465-494.
-----, Wolfe, E.W. and Ulrich, G.E., 1976, Volcanic rocks of the eastern and northern parts of the San Francisco volcanic field, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Journal of Research, v. 4, p. 549-560.
-----, and Wolfe, E.W., 1976. Geologic map of the eastern San Francisco volcanic field, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigation Series Map, I-953, scale 1:50,000.
-----, and Wolfe, E.W., 1987, Geologic map of the eastern part of the San Francisco volcanic field, north-central Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map, MF-1960, scale 1:50,000.
Newhall, C.G., Ulrich, G.E., and Wolfe, E.W., 1987, Geologic map of the central part of the San Francisco volcanic field, north-central Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1958, scale 1:50,000.
Porter, S.C., 1972, Distribution, morphology, and size frequency of cinder cones on Mauna Kea Volcano, Hawaii: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 83, p. 3607-3612.
Ramberg, H., 1981. Gravity, deformation and the Earth's crust: New York, Academic Press, 452 p.
Robinson, H.H., 1913, The San Franciscan volcanic field, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 76, 213 p.
Scott, D.H., and Trask, N.J., 1971, Geology of the Lunar Crater volcanic field, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 599-I, 22 p. Settle, M., 1979, The structure and emplacement of cinder cone fields: American Journal of Science, v. 279, p. 1089-1107.
Shoemaker, E.M., Squires, R.L. and Abrams, M.J., 1974, The Bright Angel and Mesa Butte fault systems of northern Arizona, in Karlstrom, T.N.V., Swann, G.A. and Eastwood, R.L., (eds.), Geology of Northern Arizona, Part I - Regional Studies: Geological Society of America Rocky Mountain Section Meeting, Flagstaff, Arizona, p. 355-391.
Siebert, L., 1984. Large volcanic debris avalanches: characteristic of source areas, deposits, and associated eruptions: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 22, p. 163-197.
Smiley, T.L., 1958, The geology and dating of Sunset Crater, Flagstaff, Arizona, in Guidebook of the Black Mesa Basin: New Mexico Geological Society 9th Field Conference, p.186-190.
Stewart, J.H., Poole, F.G., and Wilson, R.F., 1972, Stratigraphy and origin of the Chinle Formation and related Upper Triassic strata in the Colorado Plateau region, with a section on sedimentary petrology by R.A. Cadigan and a section on conglomerate studies by W. Thordarson, H.F. Albee and J.H. Stewart: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 690, 336 p.
Stoeser, D.B., 1974, Xenoliths of the San Francisco volcanic field, northern Arizona, in Karlstrom, T.N.V., Swann, G.A., and Eastwood, R.L. (eds.), Geology of Northern Arizona, Part II - Area Studies and Field Guides: Geological Society of America Rocky Mountain Section Meeting, Flagstaff, Arizona, p. 530-545.
Tanaka, K.L., Shoemaker, E.M., Ulrich, G.E., and Wolfe, E.W., 1986, Migration of volcanism in the San Francisco volcanic field, Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 97, p. 129-141.
Ulrich, G.E., Billingsley, G.H., Hereford, R., Wolfe, E.W., Nealey, L.D., and Sutton, R.L., 1984, Map showing geology, structure and uranium deposits of the Flagstaff 1(x2( Quadrangle, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigation Series Map, I-1446, scale 1:250,000.
-----, 1987, S P Mountain cinder cone and lava flow, northern Arizona: Geological Society of America Centennial Field Guide - Rocky Mountain Section, p. 385-388.
-----, and Bailey, N.G., 1987, Geologic Map of the S P Mountain part of the San Francisco volcanic field, north- central Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1956, scale 1:50,000.
Williams, H., and A.R. McBirney, 1979, Volcanology: San Francisco, Freeman, Cooper & Co., 397 p. Wolfe, E.W., 1984, The volcanic landscapes of the San Francisco volcanic field, in Smiley, T., Nations, J.D., Pewe, T.L., and Schafer, J.P., (eds), Landscapes of Arizona, the geologic story: p. 111-136.
-----, Ulrich, G.E., and Newhall, C.G., 1987a, Geologic map of the northwest part of the San Francisco volcanic field, north-central Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1957, scale 1:50,000.
-----, Ulrich, G.E., Holm, R.F., Moore, R.B., and Newhall, C.G., 1987b, Geologic map of the southwest part of the San Francisco volcanic field, north-central Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF- 1959, scale 1:50,000.
Wood, C.A., 1980, Morphometric evolution of cinder cones: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 7, p. 387-413.
Zoback, M.L. and Zoback, M., 1980, State of stress in the conterminous United States: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 85, n. B11, p. 6113-6156.
NAME OF AUTHOR: Richard Daniel Harwood
PLACE OF BIRTH: St. Louis, Missouri
DATE OF BIRTH: 29 September 1963
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS ATTENDED:
Northern Arizona University, M.S., 1989
Northern Arizona University, B.S., 1987
Pikes Peak Community College, 1982 - 1984
ORGANIZATIONS:
Sigma Nu Fraternity
Geological Society of America
Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists
HONORS AND AWARDS:
Edwin D. McKee Grand Canyon Award, 1984
Sigma Nu Fraternity, Eta Iota Chapter, Scholar of the Year, 1987
National Dean's List, 1988
Outstanding College Students of America, 1988
Best Student Paper, Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science Annual Meeting, 1989
SCHOLARLY PUBLICATIONS:
Harwood, R., 1989, Reconstruction of cinder cone breaching events: an example
at Strawberry Crater and O'Neill Crater, Arizona: Journal of the Arizona-Nevada
Academy of Science, Proceedings Supplement, v. 24, p. 42-43.
Harwood, R., 1989, Analysis of breach azimuths for cinder cones in the San Francisco volcanic field, Arizona: Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science Annual Meeting, Proceeding Supplement, v. 24, p. 43.
